Espanol: Los Antiguos HebreosRevista 42: Temas 1-8
Study Guide: -The Hebrew Bible, or Torah. - Abraham had a vision that God told him to believe in only one God. Abraham’s covenant with, or promise to, God was the beginning of monotheism – the belief in one God. - First monotheistic religion: Judaism. - Promised Land; Canaan, a place in the Fertile Crescent. - Hebrews, which means “those who crossed over.” - Polytheistic, meaning they embraced a belief in many gods. Ancient Romans and Greeks developed myths, or stories, about their gods and goddesses. - Canaan, people worshipped deities like Ba’al, the god of rain and thunder. - Abraham had a great-grandson named Joseph, whose brothers sold him into slavery in Egypt; a great thinker and storyteller. - Moses was born a Hebrew but raised as an Egyptian prince. God told him to free the Hebrew slaves from Egypt. - Exodus- God brought many plagues, or disasters, to the Egyptians, until the pharaoh finally said yes. Moses led thousands of Hebrews out of Egypt and into the Sinai Desert. This mass departure was called the “Exodus.” - Moses climbed Mount Sinai and spent 40 days and 40 nights up there. - The Ten (10) Commandments. The Torah says God gave Moses these commandments.They are the basic laws of Judaism and of Christianity. - According to the Torah, the pharaoh finally agreed after the angel of death killed his son – and the firstborn son in every Egyptian family. The Hebrews had put lamb’s blood on their doors. That let the angel know to pass overtheir homes. - Moses never made it to the Promised Land, but a new leader named Joshua led the Hebrews into Canaan. - The Twelve Tribes of Israel.Their leaders were the sons and grandsons of Jacob (Abraham’s grandson). Jacob’s name was changed to Israel after he wrestled with an angel. Then the Hebrews became known as Israelites. - Canaan was known as “the land of milk and honey.” - Many important trade routes passed through it. Unfortunately, many nations wanted to control that rich territory, so Canaan was often invaded. - The prophet Samuel chose a soldier named Saul to become the first King of Israel. - David was a soldier, a musician, and a poet who was so popular in King Saul’s court that the king became jealous of him. He said David must be killed, so David fled to the land of the Philistines. After Saul died in battle, David returned. He became the new King of Israel. - Jerusalem dates back to 3000 BCE. it was conquered by Israel’s King David around 1000 BCE. From then on, it was Israel’s holiest city and the site of the First and Second Temples. - Temples - In Jerusalem the Hebrews built the Second Temple, right where the First Temple had stood. The Second Temple stood from about 516 BCE to 70 CE. At that time, the Romans destroyed it and exiled The Jews - Today, Jerusalem remains the holiest city in Israel. - Three cities within Jerusalem: (1) the walled Old City; (2) the modern urban center, and (3) the Arab district. - Jerusalem is also a holy city for Christians and Muslims.
Part 2 - King Solomon, David’s son, built the First Temple in Jerusalem in 957 BCE. - Solomon was known for his great wisdom. It is said he wrote the Song of Songs and the Book of Proverbs, a collection of moral teachings found in the Hebrew Bible. t is believed that the Proverbs (also known as Solomon’s Proverbs) were used to teach children moral lessons.- David defeats a giant named Goliath. In another, he brings the Ark of the Covenant – the cabinet that holds the original Ten Commandments – back to the city of Jerusalem. - In Israel, Solomon’s son, King Rehoboam, took over. He told the Israelites that he would be even harsher than his father had been. - Jeroboam, who had been one of Solomon’s officials, became King of Judah. - Abraham, the first Hebrew prophet, was a simple shepherd who had great courage, according to the Torah. He kept his faith and led his family to a new land – where he began a whole new religion. - According to the Torah, whenMoses was a baby, the pharaoh said all Hebrew baby boys must die. Moses’s mother put him in a basket and sent him floating down the Nile River. The pharaoh’s daughter found Moses in the reeds and raised him as her son. When Moses grew up, he had a vision that God told him to lead the Hebrew slaves out of Egypt. Moses led thousands of Jews out of Egypt and into the Sinai desert. He climbed Mount Sinai alone and, after 40 days and nights, he returned with the Ten Commandments. - Naomi - Naomi left Moab and returned to Judah, where she had been born. Naomi represents the idea that Jewish people are always called back home, even if the trip may seem impossible. - Ruth - When Ruth wanted to follow Naomi to Judah, Ruth followed anyway, saying, “thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God.” The Torah says Ruth was the first convert (someone who switches religions) to Judaism. -King David wrote many of the Psalms. One of them is Psalm 23, which begins, “The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want.” - The Star of David was originally thought of as a shield or protector. Now it is the symbol of the Jewish faith and the State of Israel. - Deborah was a respected judge and prophet. She inspired a great soldier named Barak to lead more than 10,000 men into battle against a powerful enemy army. Deborah became a hero and still symbolizes the important role of women in Judaism. - Saul, the first King of Israel, was a charismatic leader and a great soldier. The divided Israelites decided they wanted one king so they could defeat their enemies together. The prophet Samuel chose Saul to be king. - Jacob, Abraham’s grandson, was the father of 12 sons. Ten sons and two of his grandsons would become the leaders of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Before Israel became a united nation, each tribe had its own territory. The territory ruled by Judah was named after him. Jerusalem was located in Judah, and the words “Judaism” and “Jews” come from “Judah.”
Part 3 - The Temples and King Rehoboam's civil unrest when he built a temple in Bethel to rival the one in Jerusalem. North (Israel) and the South (Judah). Bethel was located in Israel, while Jerusalem was in Judah. - Prophets, thought to convey God’s messages, were important in ancient Israel. Most warned Jews to be observant or risk God’s punishment. - Yohanan ben Zakkai was a scholar, philosopher, rabbi, and prophet. In about 68 CE, with Jerusalem under siege, he snuck out of the city, hiding in a coffin. He went to the Roman general, Vespasian, and told him he would become emperor. When that came true, Vespasian let ben Zakkai build a Jewish school, or yeshivah. In 69 CE, ben Zakkai founded the first yeshivah, in Yavneh. This began a new form of Judaism based more on Torah study and laws than on temple worship. It helped Judaism survive the burning of the temple in 70 CE. - Rabbinic Judaism has its roots in Pharisaic Judaism and is based on the belief that Moses at Mount Sinai received both the Written Torahand the Oral Torah from God. - Written Torah -The Torah, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law" is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. - Oral Torah - According to Rabbinic Jewish tradition, the Oral Torah was passed down orally in an unbroken chain from generation to generation - The Jewish Diaspora - Exiles are the people who have been forced to leave their homeland. At many times in history, Jews have left Israel – either by choice or because they were forced to. again. The first Diaspora was caused by the Assyrian exile of 722 BCE. - Many go to temple or synagogue, which means “assembly” or “congregation”. - Rabbi, who is a spiritual leader and a scholar of Jewish faith and law. - Today there are approximately 14.2 million Jews in the world. For example, the United States is home to about 5.7 million Jews. France has 475,000 Jews, Canada has 385,000, and the United Kingdom has 290,000. Israel is now home to 6.1 million Jews. - Alexander the Great conquered Israel in approximately 329 BCE. Some rebelled, but they were ultimately defeated by one of Alexander’s successors, Emperor Antiochus. - Roman rule would dominate Israel. - Emperor Antiochusoutlawed the Sabbath (the weekly day of rest and prayer) and other Jewish traditions. He forced Jews to eat foods forbidden by the Torah, such as pork. All this angered the Jews, and in 167 BCE, Judah Maccabee and his four brothers led a rebellion. Some say it was the world’s first religious war.the Maccabees took back the Second Temple in 164 BCE. The land of Judea had won its independence again - In 70 CE, the Roman army once again laid siege to Jerusalem and slowly conquered the city. The Romans destroyed the Second Temple and killed or drove all the Jews out of the city. To this day, the temple has never been rebuilt. Only the Western Wall of the temple still stands. - From the time of the Exodus, Israel was a theocracy. That means its rulers followed laws written by God, not by other people. - Mosaic (meaning “from Moses”) law back to Jerusalem. This helped rebuild the Jewish faith. - Jeremiah was a very important prophet who lived near Jerusalem in the 6th and 7th centuries BCE. - Jeremiah said that loyalty to God was even more important than religious rituals. He said that the Exodus showed that Jews could practice their faith anywhere, not just in the temple. - When Jews have been forced to leave Israel, they have resettled all over the world. At first they put down roots in other areas of the Middle East, southwestern Asia, and Europe. Later they also settled in Russia, North America, and other parts of the world. - Jewish Holy Days - Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, is ten days after Rosh HaShanah. Jews fast for 25 hours to remember tragedies and ask forgiveness for their sins. - Purim celebrates the survival of Jews in ancient Persia. - Rosh HaShanah, the Jewish New Year, marks the beginning of the Jewish High Holy Days. - Passover commemorates the Exodus from Egypt. - Sukkot celebrates the fall harvest. - The Sabbath is a day of rest and prayer. It lasts from sunset on Friday to sunset on Saturday every week. To obey the law against working or lighting a fire on the Sabbath, Orthodox Jews don’t work, drive, write, or turn on electricity on the Sabbath. - Hanukkah is the eight-day Festival of Lights, which usually occurs in December. - Judaism gave rise to Christianity and Islam. All are “Abrahamic” religions, because each traces its roots to the prophet Abraham, first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
"The words we say, is a window into our soul." Khizar Khan
WEDNESDAY 3/8
THIS WEEKS OBJECTIVE: Students will: We will be finishing Judaism and taking the final quiz. Please be prepared.